Author: Chet

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Another note on cheng / chi

As you may recall, the idea of playing off the expected, cheng, with the unexpected, chi, plays a major role in Boyd’s conception of maneuver warfare. Following Sun Tzu, Boyd advises engaging with the cheng, and winning with the chi. This is the strategy of deception: Go in with something the opponent believes he has figured out, ideally with some effort on his part in order to set the hook, as it were, then at the moment you believe will have the most paralyzing impact, spring the chi. Boyd has a nice summary on Patterns 132.

As I’ve mentioned before, and devoted an entire chapter to in Certain to Win, this idea translates nicely over to business. Give the customer what he expects, wants, needs.  In simple terms, the product or service you provide has to work and do what you’ve told him it will do.

But customers become bored, eventually, with this approach. To hook them for the long term, you also need the unexpected, the surprising, the delightful. This may not be just the product or service itself but could include customer service or even packaging. For years, Apple was the master of this approach.

Hiroshi Mikitani had a nice cheng / chi piece yesterday on LinkedIn: “Selling distinction in the Internet Age.” Mikitani is the founder and CEO of Rakuten, the Japanese Internet retail giant that bought Buy.com a few years ago. What’s interesting about Mikitani’s approach is that he’s advising not more delightful packaging, which you could implement as well through Internet sales as anywhere else, but shifting to a new domain entirely.

What’s important is that your business think in these terms. Harried CEOs sometimes regard anything other than getting product out the door as distractions or at best “nice-to-have,” and bean counters look on them as added costs — i.e., they get points for griping about them or worse, eliminating them. Actions like these leave you open to smarter competitors.

What I recommend instead is that from the very beginning you regard your Schwerpunkt as not the chi nor the cheng but cheng / chi.

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Values first

From The Guardian’s interview with Rose Marcario, newly appointed CEO of outdoor gear maker Patagonia:

Q: When you bring new people on board, what are you looking for?

RM: Well, I think the number one thing is somebody that shares our values in terms of the commitment to preservation of wild places and the environment and planet earth. That’s pretty much the foremost aspect we look for in terms of sharing our values and also people who are committed to making a quality product without compromising.

I think that’s a very important aspect [that we hire people that] care about what they’re making and what they’re putting out in the world in a passionate way. Many of the folks that we hire in our core sports like skiing and fishing, climbing, and obviously want the job and have deep passion for the sport.

Boyd often stressed common values as a requirement for Einheit, so this is an important statement.

It might be worth pointing out that a sampling of their web site indicates that most of the people who “care about what they’re making and what they’re putting out in the world in a passionate way” are living in China or Vietnam. I failed to find anything — jacket, pants, trail runners or hiking boots — made in the USA, much less anywhere near the company’s HQ in Ventura, CA.

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CTW passes 10,000

Certain to Win has surpassed 10,700 sales.

MANY, many thanks to all of you who bought the book!!!

I am working on a new book, if “working” can be the right word (lots of distractions in an over-55 community …) In the meantime, my two papers, “Boyd’s Real OODA Loop,” and “John Boyd, Conceptual Spiral, and the Meaning of Life,” both available from the articles page, will have to stand in as updates.

CTW is also available in a special Indian edition and has been translated into Portuguese. Unfortunately, I don’t have sales numbers for them.

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Shocking news: Execs do what they’re paid to do

From Matthew Yglesias’s column in Slate:

In theory, executive compensation schemes linked to stock market performance are supposed to focus managers on the long view. But in practice, the opposite seems to be the case. In an impressive paper published in April 2013, Alexander Ljungqvist, Joan Farre-Mensa, and John Asker found that publicly traded firms systematically under-invest compared to privately held ones. The effect is larger in sectors where stock market swings are more closely tied to quarterly earnings reports, indicating that what they call “managerial myopia” is likely the culprit. In other words, when you pay executives to increase the share price, they focus on increasing the share price—even when that means focusing on headline numbers in the next quarterly financial report rather than on the long term.

Changes their orientation, in other words. If you read this closely, you can see the effect of incestuous amplification: “Of course our strategy is working! Can’t you see the share price going up every quarter?”

To paraphrase Yglesias’s argument, companies that don’t obsess on quarterly profit growth open up a range of options. If you read his entire column, you can see that the real secret of Amazon’s continued success is that it uses these options to operate inside customers’ and competitors’ OODA loops.

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Ilya Prigogine and the inevitability of the OODA “loop”

Fans of Boyd’s Strategic Game will recall the quote from Order Out of Chaos that Boyd included as Chart 18 and this bit of analysis from Chart 19:

Prigogine called far-from-equilibrium forms like the vortex, ‘dissipative structures.’ The name comes from the fact that to keep their shape these structures must constantly dissipate entropy so it won’t build up inside the entity and ‘kill’ it with equilibrium … [These dissipative structures] can survive only by remaining open to a flowing matter and energy exchange with the environment … The structure is stabilized by its flowing. It is stable but only relatively stable—relative to the constant energy flow required to maintain its shape. Its very stability is also paradoxically an instability because of its total dependence on its environment. The dissipative structure is autonomous (separate) but only relatively separate. It is a flow within a flow.

The idea of a dissipative structure heavily influenced Boyd’s thinking on Orientation, which he would characterize as a far-from-equilibrium process, and eventually on the entire OODA “loop” and the processes that support it:

By pulling all this together, we can see that the key statements, OODA loop sketch, and related insights represent an evolving, open-ended, far- from-equilibrium process of self-organization, emergence, and natural selection. (The Essence of Winning and Losing, 4)

New research out of MIT now suggests that the idea of dissipative structures not only explain the the OODA “loop,” but make its existence and indeed the existence of life itself inevitable:

The formula, based on established physics, indicates that when a group of atoms is driven by an external source of energy (like the sun or chemical fuel) and surrounded by a heat bath (like the ocean or atmosphere), it will often gradually restructure itself in order to dissipate increasingly more energy. This could mean that under certain conditions, matter inexorably acquires the key physical attribute associated with life. (“A New Theory of Life,” by Natalie Wolchover, in Quanta Magazine, a publication of the Simons Foundation)

Although the article doesn’t delve into organization theory, it might be that the same process operating at the macro level explains why a large degree of bottom-up self-organization can produce devastatingly effective organizations. But I speculate.

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Boyd Conference in San Diego

Friday, February 28 and Saturday, March 1, 2014, sponsored by the Rady School of Management at the University of California San Diego.

Chuck Spinney will present a revised version of “Evolutionary Epistemology, A Personal View of John Boyd’s ‘Destruction and Creation’ … and its centrality to the … OODA Loop.” This is absolutely the best summary of Boyd’s philosophy, and, as far as I know, the only one to connect Boyd’s 1976 paper to the OODA loop, which he unveiled some 20 years later. If you’ve found “Destruction and Creation” daunting (be honest now), “Evolutionary Epistemology” will answer a lot of your questions.

I’ll cover what went on between those two bookends. We’ll spend most of our time on Patterns of Conflict, introducing its main themes and discussing a fair number of its charts. I’ll also touch on Organic Design, Strategic Game, and Conceptual Spiral, and Boyd’s last briefing, The Essence of Winning and Losing. These are complex works that Boyd evolved over two decades, and my goal is to make their powerful ideas accessible to entrepreneurs and established business leaders.

For information on the conference, go to http://boydbusinessinnovationconference.com/, and to register, visit the Rady School’s conference site at http://rady.ucsd.edu/Exec/Open/Boyd-Conference/.

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Can America Win Wars?

The answer, according to Andrew Bacevich in a new LA Times op-ed, is a clear “No.” He writes:

Confusing capability with utility, the United States knows how to start wars but has seemingly forgotten how to conclude them. Yet concluding war on favorable terms — a concept formerly known as victory — is the object of the exercise. For the United States, victory has become a lost art.

While it’s impossible to argue with the facts — Fallujah, for example, has been captured by forces connected to al-Qa’ida, an organization that didn’t exist in Iraq until after our invasion — the good colonel is wrong in his conclusion that we lost a war in Iraq. The war in Iraq was handily won in a three-week campaign ending with the capture of Baghdad in April 2003. What happened next, and what we lost, was the occupation.

We shouldn’t feel too badly about this. Since the end of WW II, successful occupations are few indeed. The only one that springs to mind is the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, and that’s a chapter still being written. The Soviet Union, with force and brutality at its disposal that we could only dream about in Iraq, failed to hold Eastern Europe, for example.

The problem with using the war metaphor where it doesn’t apply shows up in Bachevich’s recommendations, in which he wants to conduct war, just do it in a smarter way:

Take force off the metaphorical table to which policymakers regularly refer. Rather than categorizing violence as a preferred option, revive the tradition of treating it as a last resort. Then get serious about evaluating the potential for employing alternative forms of power, chiefly economic and cultural, to advance American interests.

As an alternative, how about using American power to further American interests here at home? I’m thinking of things like our expensive but statistically mediocre health care system, fading economic prospects for the middle class, ballooning (and profitable) population in privately run prisons, crushing student debt, and exploding pension obligations in many of our states and municipalities?

For more on the difficulty of holding on to conquered populations in this day and age, I recommend Martin van Creveld’s The Changing Face of War (Presidio, 2006).

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More evidence for meditation

“Meditation may help with anxiety, depression and pain,” by Andrew M. Seaman, reporting on a review of 47 randomized research trials that used mindfulness techniques to treat conditions including anxiety, pain, or depression recently published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine.

Harvard’s Dr. Allan Goroll, who wrote an editorial accompanying publication of the study, noted how orientation governs behavior, often despite data:

The analysis is an example of an area of much-needed scientific study, because many people make treatment decisions based on beliefs – not data.

“That is particularly the case with alternative and complimentary approaches to treating medical problems,” he said. “It ranges from taking vitamins to undergoing particular procedures for which the scientific evidence is very slim but people’s beliefs are very great.”

The lead researcher, Dr. Madhav Goyal of Johns Hopkins, cautioned that the purpose of meditation is not so much to cure specific disorders but to improve quality of life in general:

Goyal said people should remember that meditation was not conceived to treat any particular health problem.

“Rather, it is a path we travel on to increase our awareness and gain insight into our lives,” he wrote. “The best reason to meditate is to gain this insight. Improvements in health conditions are really a side benefit, and it’s best to think of them that way.”

“Orientation,” as Boyd often insisted, “is the Schwerpunkt.” Always do what improves orientation and you can’t go far wrong, at least not for very long. Meditation is a powerful technique to help you do this, and I’ve long thought it should be a part of the curriculum in military leadership and civilian MBA programs.

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Adaptive leadership in law enforcement

Don Vandergriff and Fred Leland have published their new book for law enforcement: Adaptive Leadership Handbook – Law Enforcement & Security: Innovative Ways to Teach and Develop Your People (Volume 1).

From the book’s description on Amazon:

A practical handbook to develop adaptive thinking and leadership abilities in those on the bleeding edge of today’s law enforcement and security challenges. With techniques and methodologies proven over years of real-world application, this book will bring to life “how to think” under stressful, ambiguous and often dangerous circumstances. By improving the speed and accuracy of your decision-making and problem solving, you can adapt and respond effectively to any situation.